Availability: These films are often found on social media platforms like TikTok and Facebook, where clips and full versions are shared under various titles.

• Gilles Coiffard: A renowned Malagasy filmmaker, Coiffard has directed several critically acclaimed films, including "Le Retour de l'eau" (The Return of Water) and "Mille et une vies" (A Thousand and One Lives).
• Rahimata Andriamanampison: A prolific filmmaker, Andriamanampison has directed over 20 films, including "Tabataba" (The Drum) and "Ny Avana" (The Van).
• Kolawole Oshinowo: A Malagasy-Nigerian filmmaker, Oshinowo has gained international recognition for his films, which often explore themes of identity and cultural heritage.

These films mirror the daily struggles and triumphs of the Malagasy people. They tackle themes like poverty, family loyalty, and the rural-to-urban migration. 2. Action and "Gasy-wood"

Representative themes and motifs (examples)

• Rite and ritual: Filmmakers record famadihana (reburial rituals) or local ceremonies, focusing on communal memory.
• Migration narratives: Stories of young people moving to Antananarivo or abroad, and the economic/social consequences.
• Women's work and family: Intimate portrayals of domestic labor, markets, and craftsmanship.
• Environment and land: Films documenting rice cultivation, coastal fishing, deforestation effects.
• Hybrid modernities: Tension between mobile-phone culture, satellite TV influences, and ancestral systems.